Some of these strategies including minimize sleep loss, naps during night shifts, education of good sleeping habits to workers, stimulators, and acceleration in circadian adaptation to different shift types.
Promoting quantity and quality sleep is an essential factor for ensuring optimal performance during work time. Generally speaking, majority of people need about 8 h of sleep per day to preserve full alertness. A few people can function well on sleep less than 8 h. Obtaining only 6 h for an individual who requires 8 h of sleep result to sleep-deprivation by 2h. It is recommended to have adequate resting time before a shift. The data showed that risk of fatigue increased exponentially at the h shifts and early start shifts.
It is necessary to avoid overtime on h shifts and provide at least a h break between shifts. Napping as a fatigue countermeasure has been found to be effective for shift workers. Many researches showed that short naps improve both of the mood and performance. Also, it was found that a 30 min nap in subjects with normal sleep and who had a night of restricted sleep decrease sleepiness and increase subjective alertness.
The positive effects of naps depending on many issues including timing of the nap, nap length, and severity of sleep inertia following a nap. Field studies have shown that even a brief sleep episode can improve performance for several hours following the nap.
The longer and later napping is better to sustain early morning performance and improve workplace safety. However, if there is a limitation for napping time, it is suggested that approximately 90— min of a single sleep cycle falling asleep to rapid eye movement REM sleep is the most effective.
Also, naps with 30 min in length or less provide measurable improvement in alertness and performance and decrease fatigue immediately upon waking. The circadian rhythms in shift workers do not usually phase shift to adapt totally to sleeping during the day and working at night. This situation results in poor performance, fatigue, and reduced alertness during working time. Appropriate timed exposure to bright light and administration of exogenous melatonin help to produce circadian adaptation to night work.
Bright light exposure in the evening delay the circadian phase to a later position, whereas exposure to bright light in the morning advances the circadian phase to an earlier position. Also, bright light have an immediate alerting effects on mood and performance. Melatonin is an important synchronizing agent for the circadian system.
Exogenous administration of melatonin has phase shifting properties. Some studies have shown that a single or repeated daily treatment with melatonin can change the timing of some rhythms such as sleep, core body temperature, and secretion rhythms of endogenous melatonin and cortisol. Administration of melatonin in the evening and the first half of the night will advance the phase of circadian rhythms, whereas, melatonin administration during the morning or at the second half of the night will phase delay.
When other nonpharmacologic approaches to fatigue management become impractical or ineffective, alert-enhancing medications should be considered. They help workers sustain alert during extended work shift when adequate restorative sleep is not possible.
Stimulants to combat the effects of fatigue have been used in many industries. The most widely used drug in this group includes modafinil, amphetamines, and caffeine. Variety of methods available to overcome fatigue during operation is less than the above mentioned preventive strategies. In most of the industrial settings, especially in high safety demanding work, it is a mandatory restriction that workers must remain in their work place throughout the working hours.
So, there is no possibility for using different methods of operational fatigue countermeasures. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that operational countermeasures do not address the underlying physiological causes of fatigue. They can help to temporarily enhance alertness and performance by masking fatigue, but their effects last only for a short time. Some of strategies that located in this category include social interaction and conversation with coworkers, physical activity, and caffeine consumption.
It is likely that the traditional approach to combating workplace fatigue mentioned above does not consider all aspects of fatigue and have a single-layer defensive strategy in the workplace. The scientific theoretically baseline of FRMS is based on principle of knowledge in sleep science. Then, it is necessary to pay careful consideration to the dynamic of transient and cumulative sleep debt and recovery, the circadian biological clock, and the regulating influence of the circadian system on performance and alertness.
Therefore, more new development in sleep sciences and human circadian rhythms providing stronger scientific basis for FRMS to manage fatigue risks in industrial settings is required. FRMS is composed of a number of essential layer defenses for monitoring and managing the risks posed to workplace safety by fatigue. This multiple layer defenses are a product of incorporation fatigue management within the general context of the Safety Management System SMS.
According to SMS, safety is comprised when a hazard is able to penetrate successfully from all layers of defense resulting to inducing a trajectory of incident opportunity. The strengthening individual layers and the appropriate selection of supplementary layers could increase the effectiveness of the Safety Management System. At both of them an accident or incident are considered as the final point of casual chain of events.
The SMS processes are designed to address all types of risks, while FRMS are specifically designed to combat the risks related to workplace's fatigue. It includes a series of defensive layers that can be established at four points in combination with the potential event trajectory. Identifying and preventing fatigue-related accidents can be located at each of these points. According to this model, there are five defensive layers can be implemented to eliminate the probability of a fatigue-induced incident or accident in the workplace, including:.
To minimize the likelihood of fatigue, the organization must be ensuring that sufficient sleep opportunities are provided for employees.
This level addressed partially by the traditional approach. It is possible for an employee to have an optimal work pattern, but to be too tired to work safely e. Therefore, assessing minimum sleep and maximum time awake in the h period is a critical control factor in this level. Level 3- Detecting behavioral symptoms of fatigue: Even though two prior levels might be perfect, there is possibility that cumulative forms of fatigue impair performance and induce risk.
Different factors such as individual differences in the sleep requirement, other sleep disorders, and idiopathic reasons might be responsible. This level helps individuals and organization to detect fatigue symptoms by a wide range of instrument from simple symptom checklists e. Samn-Perelli Fatigue Checklist to complex physiological testing. Level 4 and 5- Concerning with assessment and control of fatigue-related errors and incidents: Was fatigue a possible indicator of cognitive performance impairment, near miss, or incidents?
These levels used to monitor the effectiveness of prior levels. Data driven from these steps identify any location in the workplace where FRMS activities were not sufficient to prevent fatigue resulting in an error, near miss, or incidents. Some of tools for data collection in level 4 including performance testing, field observations, and documented errors. The systematic incident investigation with respect to the possibility of fatigue as a causal or contributory factor should be involved in level 5.
Data collection during the process is used to improve operational circumstances and to continually update FRMS in the workplace that will better prevent future incidents. After identifying potential high risk areas in the workplace for fatigue induction, there are two possible approaches which can be used to either reduce or eliminate fatigue fatigue reduction or mitigate effects of fatigue fatigue proofing.
Fatigue reduction strategy is related to the first three levels of FRMS that reduce likelihood that a fatigue worker enters or remains in the workplace. On the other hand, fatigue proofing refers to strategies that decrease the probability in which a fatigued worker operating in the workplace will make an error that leads to accident or injury.
For example, lower risk tasks may be scheduled in times when fatigue risk is higher and more complex tasks in times when the risk of fatigue is lower. The optimal management of fatigue-related risks requires that both of the fatigue reduction and fatigue proofing strategies to be implemented as complementary elements of an FRMS.
The severity of problem and ways to deal with fatigue is very different in industries. The full understanding of circadian biologic clock, dynamics of transient and cumulative sleep loss, and recovery is required for effective management of workplace fatigue. It is anticipated that new advances in the field of occupational sleep medicine will develop more valid and reliable instrument to measure fatigue and manage it properly in operational settings.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Ind Psychiatry J v. Ind Psychiatry J. Khosro Sadeghniiat-Haghighi and Zohreh Yazdi 1. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Address for correspondence: Dr. E-mail: moc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Keywords: Fatigue management, safety, workplace. The program can be used to help carriers understand the signs and impacts of fatigue, and assist carriers in the development of their own fatigue management program. The NAFMP is a shared effort between international partnerships, multiple jurisdictions and motor carrier stakeholder groups.
The program consists of 10 learning modules PDF, KB developed by experts and geared to specific audiences in the transportation industry. Participation is voluntary and there is no charge to access or use the learning materials.
Participants can work at their own pace with the materials provided or through an online course format. Material provided may also be used to guide group training sessions. The program was field-tested in truck and bus operating environments and was proven to reduce fatigue in drivers. You will not receive a reply. Do not enter any personal information such as telephone numbers, addresses, or emails. Some helpful ideas to include when developing a fatigue management program are:.
Tags: Safety Management. Call Us Today! Some helpful ideas to include when developing a fatigue management program are: roles and responsibilities of supervisors and workers maximum shift length, average weekly hours and total hours over a three-month period work-related travel control measures for specific tasks, jobs and operations self-assessment checklists procedures for reporting potential hazards and fatigue risks, and procedures for managing fatigued workers, including what will happen if they are too fatigued to continue work.
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